The cardiolipin-binding peptide that concentrates inside mitochondria and restores energy production — actively trialed for Barth syndrome, primary mitochondrial disease, and heart failure.
SS-31, also known as elamipretide (trade name Bendavia), is a mitochondrial-targeted tetrapeptide that selectively accumulates in the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding to cardiolipin — a phospholipid essential to mitochondrial function that becomes oxidatively damaged with age and disease.
It has been studied by Stealth BioTherapeutics in Phase 2/3 trials for Barth syndrome, primary mitochondrial myopathy, heart failure, and age-related macular degeneration. Unlike most research peptides, SS-31 has been administered to thousands of patients in controlled trials.
Not FDA approved (as of 2026-04). Not WADA prohibited. Available through research suppliers.
Selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane at ~1000× the extracellular concentration. This restores membrane curvature and protects cristae structure.
Stabilizes complexes I, III, and IV — the enzymes that generate ATP. Restores ATP production in aged or damaged mitochondria without supplying exogenous electrons.
Because it stabilizes the ETC, fewer electrons leak to form reactive oxygen species. This is different from an antioxidant — it prevents ROS production instead of scavenging it after the fact.
| Benefit | Evidence |
|---|---|
| Barth syndrome | Improved exercise tolerance and muscle strength; FDA review ongoing |
| Primary mitochondrial myopathy | MMPOWER program: improved 6-minute walk and patient-reported outcomes |
| Heart failure | Animal and Phase 2 data for HFrEF improvement in diastolic function |
| Dry AMD | Phase 2b ReCLAIM-2: slowed progression of geographic atrophy |
| Muscle recovery / aging | Improves oxygen utilization in aged muscle; explored for sarcopenia |
| Renal protection | Preclinical data for ischemic and contrast-induced AKI |
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Start Tracking FreeThe commonly cited 5–40 mg/day human subcutaneous dose range comes from Stealth BioTherapeutics investigational protocols and community reporting, not from a single validated published trial we could cite here. Treat it as derived from investigational programs rather than independently established dose-ranging data, and start at the low end.
NAD+ (complementary mitochondrial support), MOTS-C (AMPK synergy), CoQ10, and urolithin A (mitophagy). SS-31 handles the membrane; NAD+ and MOTS-C boost energy metabolism.
50 mg vial + 2 mL BAC water = 25 mg/mL
| Dose | Volume | Syringe Units |
|---|---|---|
| 5 mg | 0.20 mL | 20 units |
| 10 mg | 0.40 mL | 40 units |
50 mg vial at 5 mg/day = 10 days; at 10 mg/day = 5 days
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Clinical and preclinical studies to date suggest a generally favorable safety profile, with injection site reactions being the most commonly reported adverse event. Specific cumulative “thousands of patient-doses” counts vary by program and are not directly cited from the abstracts here.
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Start Tracking FreeDisclaimer: This guide is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The compounds discussed are not FDA approved for human use. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before starting any new supplement or peptide protocol. StackTrax does not sell peptides or supplements directly — purchase links go to third-party vendors. StackTrax is not responsible for the products, quality, or business practices of any third-party vendor. This page contains affiliate links — StackTrax may earn a commission on purchases at no extra cost to you.
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StackTrax guides cover peptides and compounds that are not FDA-approved for the uses discussed. The dosing, reconstitution, and safety information is compiled from published research and community protocols for educational purposes only.
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